Demographics and Demographic Change

Q1A town surveys all residents in a single year and finds that every age group reports lower trust in banks than in the previous survey, after a banking crisis. This is best explained as a

C. A change shared by all ages at one moment is a period effect. A cohort effect would differ by birth era. An age effect repeats at a stage of life in every cohort. A selection effect is a bias in who is sampled, which is not suggested.

Q2A company hires only through referrals from current employees, who are mostly of one race, and the workforce stays uniform though no manager says anything biased. This is best described as

A. A neutral-looking policy that yields unequal results is institutional discrimination. Interpersonal racism by managers would need a person's bias or acts, and none is shown. Symbolic ethnicity is occasional identification with an ancestral culture. Amalgamation is the blending of groups into a new culture.

Q3A man who identifies as straight sometimes has sex with men. Which concept best explains the mismatch?

C. Orientation, behavior, and identity are separate dimensions that need not agree. Orientation is not chosen day to day. Behavior alone does not set orientation. Identity is a label a person uses, not a biological trait.

Q4In a country's pyramid, a deep notch appears at ages 80 to 84. What is the most likely cause?

D. A notch is a small cohort, often from a past event that cut births. A baby boom would show a bulge. Young immigrants would affect the middle. Women's longevity widens the female side but does not carve a notch.

Q5Which is the best example of an intervening obstacle in Lee's model?

A. Fees and border barriers lie between origin and destination. A shortage of jobs is a push factor. Higher wages and relatives abroad are pull factors.